Use a footnote to indicate the source of a direct quotation and of the ideas, opinions or statistical information which you have taken – not necessarily in quotation – from an author.
• Insert the footnote at the end of the sentence and only occasionally after a phrase or clause.
• The number is always placed immediately after the punctuation, usually full stop (.), but sometimes a comma (,) or a semi-colon (;).
• Footnote numbers should be continuous throughout the essay (e.g. 1–20).
• When repeating a footnote, use ibid. This is the shortened Latin term for Ibidem which translates to ‘in the same place’. In other words, it refers to the previous footnote’s reference.
• When repeating a footnote that does not follow directly after the first mention, use author name, op. cit. and the relevant page number(s).
For example:
1. Craig Lockard, Societies, Networks and Transitions, Volume 1: To 1500: A Global History, 4th edn, Boston, MA, Wadsworth/Cengage, 2020, p. 20.
2. Ibid., pp. 66-67.
3. Anne Curthoys and John Docker, Is History Fiction?, 2nd edn, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2010, pp. 51-52.
3. Lockard, op. cit., p. 68.
4. Amira K. Bennison, ‘Universalism and Western Globalization’, in A. G. Hopkins (ed.), Globalization in World History, London, Pimlico, 2002, p. 78; Curthoys and Docker, Is History Fiction?, p. 10.
5. Bennison, ‘Universalism and Western Globalization’, pp. 79-80.
6. Ibid.
7. Curthoys and Docker, op. cit., pp. 51-52.
Where you have used two sources to create a single paraphrased sentence or as evidence for a single statement you can include both sources in a single footnote, separated by a semi-colon.
Depending on the type of computer you are using, there are two ways to insert a footnote once you have opened Microsoft Word:
For PCs:
• Select ‘References’, then ‘insert footnote’ or hold down Alt + Ctrl + F.
For Apple Macs:
• Select ‘Insert’ and click ‘footnote’ (see image)
Image: Insert footnote using Mac